contoh coding update pada VB.net

If Me.tbid.Text = "" Then
            MsgBox("Maaf Penggantian data Tidak Dapat dialakukan", MsgBoxStyle.Critical, " Pesan Edit ")
            bersih()
            Exit Sub
        Else
            Dim msg As DialogResult
            Dim sql As String = " update buku set " & _
                "Id_buku ='" & Me.tbid.Text & "'," & _
                "kategory='" & Me.cbKategori.Text & "'," & _
                "Judul_buku='" & Me.tbjudul.Text & "'," & _
                "Pengarang='" & Me.tbpengarang.Text & "'," & _
                "penerbit='" & Me.tbpenerbit.Text & "'," & _
                "Tahun='" & Me.tbtahun.Text & "'," & _
                "Halaman='" & Me.tbhalaman.Text & "'," & _
                "harga='" & Me.tbharga.Text & "'," & _
                "keterangan='" & Me.tbket.Text & "' where Id_buku ='" & Me.tbid.Text & "'"

            msg = MessageBox.Show("yakin mengedit data", "konfirmasi edit", _
                                MessageBoxButtons.YesNo, _
                                MessageBoxIcon.Question, _
                                MessageBoxDefaultButton.Button2)
            Using conn As New OleDbConnection(coneksi)

                conn.Open()
                Using cmd = New OleDbCommand(sql, conn)
                    If (msg = DialogResult.Yes) Then
                        Using results = cmd.ExecuteReader


                        End Using
                        MsgBox("data sudah berhasil di ubah", MsgBoxStyle.Information, " Pesan")
                        bersih()
                    Else
                        bersih()

                    End If
                End Using

            End Using


            tampil()


        End If
    End Sub

Catatan : Ini koding dengan menggunakan Modul

Contoh Kata Pengantar

Kata Pengantar

Pertama-tama kami panjatkan puja & Puji syukur atas rahmat & ridho Allah SWT, karena tanpa a & RidhoNya, kita tidak dapat menyelesaikan mekalah ini dengan baik dan selesai tepat waktu. Tidak lupa kami ucapkan terima kasih kepada pada dosen kami Bapak Nasrul Fuad selaku guru pembibing kami dalam mata kuliah troubelsuting. Kami juga mengucapkan terima kasih kepada teman-teman kami yang selalu setia membantu dalam hal mengumpulkan data-data dalam pembuatan makalah ini.

Dalam makalah ini kami menjelaskan tentang Enkripsi dan Dekripsi. Mungkin dalam pembuatan makalah ini terdapat kesalahan yang belum kami ketahui. Maka dari itu kami mohon saran & kritik dari teman-teman maupun dosen. Demi tercapainya makalah yangsempurna.

Medan, 22 Desember 2011



                  Penyusun

Pengertian Enkripsi dan Dekripsi

Pengertian Enkripsi dan Dekripsi

Enkripsi yaitu suatu proses pengaman suatu data yang disembunyikan atau proses konversi data ( plaintext ) menjadi bentuk yang tidak dapat dibaca/ dimengerti. Enkripsi telah digunakan untuk mengamankan komunikasi di berbagai negara, namun, hanya organisasi-organisasi tertentu dan individu yang memiliki kepentingan yang sangat mendesak akan kerahasiaan yang menggunakan enkripsi. Di pertengahan tahun 1970an enkripsi kuat dimanfaatkan untuk pengamanan oleh sekretariat agen pemerintah Amerika Serikat pada domain publik, dan saat ini enkripsi telah digunakan pada sistem secara luas, seperti Internet, e-commerce, jaringan telepon bergerak dan ATM pada bank. Enkripsi dapat digunakan untuk tujuan keamanan, tetapi teknik lain masih diperlukan untuk membuat komunikasi yang aman, terutama untuk memastikan integrasi dan autentikasi dari sebuah pesan. Untuk menampilkan enkripsi dan kebalikannya dekripsi, digunakan algoritma yang biasa disebut Cipher dengan menggunakan metode serangkaian langkah yang terdefinisi yang diikuti sebagai prosedur. Alternatif lain ialah Encipherment. Informasi yang asli disebuh sebagai plaintext, dan bentuk yang sudah dienkripsi disebut sebagai chiphertext. Pesan chipertext berisi seluruh informasi dari pesan plaintext, tetapi tidak dalam format yang didapat dibaca manusia ataupun komputer tanpa menggunakan mekasnisme yang tepat untuk melakukan dekripsi.Sedangkan Dekripsi yaitu kebalikan dari proses enkripsi yaitu proses konversi data yang sudah dienkripsi ( ciphertext ) kembali menjadi data aslinya ( Original Plaintext ) sehingga dapat dibaca/ dimengerti kembali.
Pesan yang akan dienkripsi disebut plaintext yang dimisalkan plaintext ( P ), proses enkripsi dimisalkan enkripsi ( E ), proses dekripsi dimisalkan dekripsi ( D ), dan pesan yang sudah dienkripsi disebut ciphertext yang dimisalkan ciphertext ( C ) maka dapat digambarkan pada gambar berikut ini :

Proses Enkripsi dan Dekripsi

Data atau informasi yang akan dienkripsi ( plaintext ) diacak oleh suatu kunci yang telah ditentukan kemudian output dari proses enkripsi ( ciphertext ) dikembalikan kebentuk aslinya oleh sebuah kunci yang sama.

Proses Enkripsi dan Dekripsi dengan kunci K

Fungsi enkripsi E dioperasikan dengan P kemudian menghasilkan C, yang digambarkan seperti notasi berikut:

E ( P ) = C

Pada proses dekripsi data yang sudah diproses pada enkripsi ( ciphertext ) melalui proses dekripsi data akan dikembalikan lagi ke dalam bentuk plaintext/ data aslinya, yang digambarkan seperti notasi berikut :

D ( C ) = P

Data atau informasi yang telah melalui proses enkripsi dan dekripsi, dimana data yang sudah diacak akan menghasilkan data atau informasi aslinya ( plaintext ), yang digambarkan seperti notasi berikut:

D ( E ( P ) ) = P

Algoritma enkripsi digunakan pada saat melakukan proses enkripsi terhadap suatu plaintext dan algoritma dekripsi digunakan pada saat melakukan proses dekripsi terhadap suatu ciphertext. Sedangkan dalam penerapannya algoritma enkripsi dan algoritma dekripsi harus menggunakan kunci untuk membuka dan menutup sandinya, hal ini untuk menjaga keamanan data atau informasi tersebut. Kunci yang dimaksud dapat dilambangkan dengan K. Kunci yang digunakan dapat berupa sebuah angka bernilai kecil atau besar sesuai dengan angka-angka yang telah ditentukan untuk sebagai nilai transformasi matematis yang memetakan plaintext ke ciphertext dan sebaliknya. Ciphertext sangat dipengaruhi oleh keberadaan plaintext dan kuncinya, jadi nilai dari suatu kunci akan mempengaruhi fungsi enkripsi dan dekripsi, sehingga fungsi enkripsi tersebut dapat dinotasikan seperti berikut :

Ek ( P ) = C

Bila kunci yang dipakai untuk proses enkripsi sama dengan kunci yang dipakai untuk proses dekripsi, maka dapat digambarkan dengan notasi sebagai berikut :

( Dk ( Ek ) ) = P

Keterangan:
K:Kunci
Ek:KunciEnkripsi
Dk : Kunci Dekripsi

Konsep dasar inilah yang dipergunakan untuk teknik enkripsi dan dekripsi untuk menjaga Keamanan data dari pihak yang tidak bertanggung jawab atau pihak yang tidak berkepentingan.

Metoda Kriptografi

Metoda-metoda kriptografi sudah banyak digunakan, pada umumnya adalah DES ( Data Encryption Standard ). Metoda yang sering digunakan biasanya berdasarkan pada konsep matematika dimana konsep ini berfungsi dalam membentuk logika dan algoritma disamping itu ada juga bentuk kriptografi yang tidak memakai suatu konsep tertentu sehingga sulit sekali untuk dikenali pengacakan datanya. Algoritma kriptografi dengan menggunakan kunci dapat dikelompokkan menjadi 2 ( dua ) bagian yaitu :

a. Kunci Simetris / Symetric key

b. Kunci Asimetris / Asymetric key

a. Kunci Simetris/ Symetric key

Kunci simetris bisa disebut juga conventional key, single key, one key atau secret key. Algoritma simetris pada proses enkripsi dan dekripsinya menggunakan satu kunci, sehingga pengirim dan penerima terlebih dahulu harus memiliki kunci yang sama yang telah disepakati untuk digunakan sehingga pengirim dan penerima dapat melakukan komunikasi, seperti yang digambarkan pada gambar berikut :

Single Key

Plaintext akan melewati proses enkripsi dan menghasilkan ciphertext, kemudian disandikan kembali dengan menggunakan kunci yang sama sehingga menjadi bentuk aslinya.  Metoda kunci simetris/ symetric key lebih sesuai digunakan dalam satu area gedung karena pengiriman pesannya tidak menggunakan penyimpanan pesan, sehingga keamanan algoritma simetris ini terletak pada keamanan pengiriman kunci dan pada panjangnya kunci yang dipergunakan. Kelemahan algoritma dengan menggunakan kunci simetris ini adalah kunci harus didistribusikan dengan aman, karena kunci ini mempunyai derajat kerahasiaan yang sama dengan data yang dikirim, selain itu juga kunci tidak boleh terungkap sedikitpun.

b. Kunci Asimetris / Asymetric Key

Pada kunci asimetris/ asymetric key, penggunaan kunci untuk proses enkripsi data berbeda dengan kunci untuk proses dekripsinya sehingga metoda enkripsi dengan menggunakan kunci asimetris/ asymetric key berbeda bila dibandingkan dengan penggunaan metoda kunci simetris/ simetric key. Prinsip dasar algoritma ini adalah setiap anggota dalam jaringan kerja mempunyai 2 kunci yaitu public key dan private key. Public key adalah kunci yang digunakan untuk mengenkripsi dan kunci untuk mendekripsi disebut private key. Kunci pribadi ( private key ) hanya dimiliki oleh orang yang melakukan proses enkripsi saja dan kunci publik ( public key ) diketahui oleh banyak orang. Algoritma kunci asimetris lebih sering disebut sebagai kunci public/ public key, biasanya algoritma ini digunakan dalam jaringan komunikasi yang besar dan dinamis. Metoda public key/ asymetric key ini dapat diilustrasikan seperti pada gambar
Algoritma kunci asimetris relatif lebih sulit untuk dipecahkan metodenya, karena kunci yang digunakan untuk mengenkripsinya berbeda dengan kunci untuk mendekripsinya.

Ilustrasi Public Key/ Asymetric Key Algoritma kunci asimetris relatif lebih sulit untuk dipecahkan metodenya, karena kunci yang digunakan untuk mengenkripsinya berbeda dengan kunci untuk mendekripsinya.  Kelemahan algoritma kunci asimetris ini adalah lebih lambat dibandingkan dengan algoritma kunci simetris, contoh kriptografi yang menggunakan public key ini misalnya metoda RSA.

c. Metoda RSA ( Rivest, Shamir, Adleman )

RSA adalah kriptografi kunci public ( public key ) yang dapat dipergunakan untuk melakukan proses enkripsi dan juga otentikasi ( dengan digital signature ).
Proses enkripsi menggunakan metoda RSA ini adalah dengan cara mengkodekan karakter ke bentuk numeric, misalnya A diganti menjadi 1, B diganti menjadi 2, C diganti menjadi 3 dan seterusnya. Kekuatan atau keamanan algoritma ini terletak pada kesulitan untuk menfaktorkan bilangan hasil perkalian dari dua buah bilangan prima yang bernilai besar. Metoda RSA ini dibuat pada tahun 1978 di MIT ( Massachusets Institute of technology ) oleh Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, dan Leonard Adleman. Metoda RSA ini telah diterima secara luas oleh produk-produk komunikasi data komersial sebagai pendukung keamanan data.

Kesimpulan

Enkripsi yaitu suatu proses pengaman suatu data yang disembunyikan atau proses konversi data ( plaintext ) menjadi bentuk yang tidak dapat dibaca/ dimengerti. Enkripsi telah digunakan untuk mengamankan komunikasi di berbagai negara, namun, hanya organisasi-organisasi tertentu dan individu yang memiliki kepentingan yang sangat mendesak akan kerahasiaan yang menggunakan enkripsi. Untuk menampilkan enkripsi dan kebalikannya dekripsi, digunakan algoritma yang biasa disebut Cipher dengan menggunakan metode serangkaian langkah yang terdefinisi yang diikuti sebagai prosedur. Alternatif lain ialah Encipherment. Informasi yang asli disebuh sebagai plaintext, dan bentuk yang sudah dienkripsi disebut sebagai chiphertext. Pesan chipertext berisi seluruh informasi dari pesan plaintext, tetapi tidak dalam format yang didapat dibaca manusia ataupun komputer tanpa menggunakan mekasnisme yang tepat untuk melakukan dekripsi.Sedangkan Dekripsi yaitu kebalikan dari proses enkripsi yaitu proses konversi data yang sudah dienkripsi ( ciphertext ) kembali menjadi data aslinya ( Original Plaintext ) sehingga dapat dibaca/ dimengerti kembali.

Contoh Surat Lamaran Kerja

PERMOHONAN LAMARAN PEKERJAAN

MEDAN, 16 FEBRUARI 2012

Kepada Yth:

Ibu Pimpinan

Rumah Sakit “ Ibu dan Anak Salam”

Jl.Flamboan Raya No.68 Medan.

Dengan Hormat,

Dengan ini saya mengajukan surat lamaran pekerjaan pada Rumah Sakit  yang Ibu pimpin,

Saya yang bernama:

Nama                           : Rani Sarah

Tempat/Tgl, Lahir          : Pematang Siantar, 20 Mei 1990

Alamat                         : Jl.Leon Rajo Medan, No 81, Desa Bungo Barat ( Muara Bungo, Jambi)

Agama                                     : Islam

Gol Darah                    : O

Warga Negara              : Indonesia

No Telp/ HP                 : 081366144090

dan sebagai bahan pertimbangan Ibu, saya lampirkan bahan kelengkapan administrasi sebagai berikut:

1.      Pasfoto 3x4 - 2 Lembar

2.      Fotocopy KTP - 1 Lembar

3.      Fotocopy ijazah - 1 Lembar

4.      Fotocopy transkip nilai - 1 Lembar

Demikian surat permohonan ini saya perbuat, besar harapan saya untuk dapat diterima di Rumah sakit yang Ibu pimpin.

Atas perhatian Ibu, saya ucapkan trimakasih

Hormat saya,

Rani Sahra

Pemohon

Asmaul Husna

Allah

1 Ar Rahman      2 Ar Rahiim        3 Al Malik                             4 Al Quddus                        5 As Salaam

6 Al Mu`min     7 Al Muhaimin   8 Al `Aziiz                           9 Al Jabbar                         10 Al Mutakabbir

11 Al Khaliq         12 Al Baari`          13 Al Mushawwir             14 Al Ghaffaar                   15 Al Qahhaar

16 Al Wahhaab  17 Ar Razzaaq    18 Al Fattaah                      19 Al `Aliim                         20 Al Qaabidh

21 Al Baasith       22 Al Khaafidh   23 Ar Raafi`                         24 Al Mu`izz                        25 Al Mudzil

26 Al Samii`       27 Al Bashiir        28 Al Hakam                      29 Al `Adl                            30 Al Lathiif

31 Al Khabiir       32 Al Haliim         33 Al `Azhiim                     34 Al Ghafuur                   35 As Syakuur

 36 Al `Aliy            37 Al Kabiir          38 Al Hafizh                    39 Al Muqiit                        40 Al Hasiib

 41 Al Jaliil            42 Al Kariim         43 Ar Raqiib                      44 Al Mujiib                        45 Al Waasi`

46 Al Hakiim        47 Al Waduud    48 Al Majiid                        49 Al Baa`its                        50 As Syahiid

51 Al Haqq           52 Al Wakiil         53 Al Qawiyyu                    54 Al Matiin                        55 Al Waliyy

56 Al Hamiid       57 Al Muhshii     58 Al Mubdi`                      59 Al Mu`iid                        60 Al Muhyii

61 Al Mumiitu    62 Al Hayyu         63 Al Qayyuum                 64 Al Waajid                       65 Al Maajid

66 Al Wahiid       67 Al Ahad           68 As Shamad                 69 Al Qaadir                        70 Al Muqtadir

71 Al Muqaddim 72 Al Mu`akkhir 73 Al Awwal                     74 Al Aakhir                        75 Az Zhaahir

76 Al Baathin      77 Al Waali          78 Al Muta`aalii                 79 Al Barri                            80 At Tawwaab

81 Al Muntaqim 82 Al Afuww      83 Ar Ra`uuf             84 Malikul Mulk                85 Dzul Jalaali Wal Ikraam

86 Al Muqsith    87 Al Jamii`          88 Al Ghaniyy                    89 Al Mughnii                     90 Al Maani

91 Ad Dhaar        92 An Nafii`        93 An Nuur                         94 Al Haadii                         95 Al Baadii

96 Al Baaqii         97 Al Waarits      98 Ar Rasyiid                       99 As Shabuur

Defeniton Advertising

A.           Defenition Advertising

Advertising is a form of communication used to encourage or persuade an audience (viewers, readers or listeners) to continue or take some new action. Most commonly, the desired result is to drive consumer behavior with respect to a commercial offering, although political and ideological advertising is also common. The purpose of advertising may also be to reassure employees or shareholders that a company is viable or successful. Advertising messages are usually paid for by sponsors and viewed via various traditional media; including mass media such as newspaper, magazines, television commercial, radio advertisement, outdoor advertising or direct mail; or new media such as websites and text messages.

Commercial advertisers often seek to generate increased consumption of their products or services through "Branding," which involves the repetition of an image or product name in an effort to associate certain qualities with the brand in the minds of consumers. Non-commercial advertisers who spend money to advertise items other than a consumer product or service include political parties, interest groups, religious organizations and governmental agencies. Nonprofit organizations may rely on free modes of persuasion, such as a public service announcement (PSA).

1.      The non-personal communication of information usually paid for & usually persuasive in nature, about products (goods & services) or ideas by identified sponsor through various media. (Arens, Weigold, Arens 2010)

2.      Any paid form of non-personal communication about an organization, product,service, or idea from an identified sponsor. (Blech & Blech 1998)

3.      Paid non-personal communication from an identified sponsor using mass media to persuade or influence an audience. (Wells, Burnett, & Moriaty 1998)

4.      The element of the marketing communication mix that is non personal paid for an identified sponsor, & disseminated through channels of mass communication to promote the adoption of goods, services, person or ideas. (Bearden, Ingram, & Laforge 1998)

5.      An informative or persuasive message carried by a non personal medium & paid for by an identified sponsor whose organization or product is identified in some way. (Zikmund & D'amico 1999)

6.      Impersonal; one way communication about a product or organization that is paid by a marketer. (Lamb, Hair & Mc.Daniel 2000)

7.      Any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas,goods or services by an identified sponsor. (Kotler et al., 2006)

B.            History

Egyptians used papyrus to make sales messages and wall posters. Commercial messages and political campaign displays have been found in the ruins of Pompeii and ancient Arabia. Lost and found advertising on papyrus was common in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Wall or rock painting for commercial advertising is another manifestation of an ancient advertising form, which is present to this day in many parts of Asia, Africa, and South America. The tradition of wall painting can be traced back to Indian rock art paintings that date back to 4000 BC.^[2] History tells us that Out-of-home advertising and billboards are the oldest forms of advertising.

As the towns and cities of the Middle Ages began to grow, and the general populace was unable to read, signs that today would say cobbler, miller, tailor or blacksmith would use an image associated with their trade such as a boot, a suit, a hat, a clock, a diamond, a horse shoe, a candle or even a bag of flour. Fruits and vegetables were sold in the city square from the backs of carts and wagons and their proprietors used street callers (town criers) to announce their whereabouts for the convenience of the customers.

As education became an apparent need and reading, as well as printing, developed advertising expanded to include handbills. In the 17th century advertisements started to appear in weekly newspapers in England. These early print advertisements were used mainly to promote books and newspapers, which became increasingly affordable with advances in the printing press; and medicines, which were increasingly sought after as disease ravaged Europe. However, false advertising and so-called "quack" advertisements became a problem, which ushered in the regulation of advertising content.

As the economy expanded during the 19th century, advertising grew alongside. In the United States, the success of this advertising format eventually led to the growth of mail-order advertising.

In June 1836, French newspaper La Presse was the first to include paid advertising in its pages, allowing it to lower its price, extend its readership and increase its profitability and the formula was soon copied by all titles. Around 1840, Volney B. Palmer established the roots of the modern day advertising agency in Philadelphia. In 1842 Palmer bought large amounts of space in various newspapers at a discounted rate then resold the space at higher rates to advertisers. The actual ad - the copy, layout, and artwork - was still prepared by the company wishing to advertise; in effect, Palmer was a space broker. The situation changed in the late 19th century when the advertising agency of N.W. Ayer & Son was founded. Ayer and Son offered to plan, create, and execute complete advertising campaigns for its customers. By 1900 the advertising agency had become the focal point of creative planning, and advertising was firmly established as a profession. ^[3] Around the same time, in France, Charles-Louis Havas extended the services of his news agency, Havas to include advertisement brokerage, making it the first French group to organize. At first, agencies were brokers for advertisement space in newspapers. N. W. Ayer & Son was the first full-service agency to assume responsibility for advertising content. N.W. Ayer opened in 1869, and was located in Philadelphia.

At the turn of the century, there were few career choices for women in business; however, advertising was one of the few. Since women were responsible for most of the purchasing done in their household, advertisers and agencies recognized the value of women's insight during the creative process. In fact, the first American advertising to use a sexual sell was created by a woman – for a soap product. Although tame by today's standards, the advertisement featured a couple with the message "The skin you love to touch".

In the early 1920s, the first radio stations were established by radio equipment manufacturers and retailers who offered programs in order to sell more radios to consumers. As time passed, many non-profit organizations followed suit in setting up their own radio stations, and included: schools, clubs and civic groups.^[5] When the practice of sponsoring programs was popularised, each individual radio program was usually sponsored by a single business in exchange for a brief mention of the business' name at the beginning and end of the sponsored shows. However, radio station owners soon realised they could earn more money by selling sponsorship rights in small time allocations to multiple businesses throughout their radio station's broadcasts, rather than selling the sponsorship rights to single businesses per show.

This practice was carried over to commercial television in the late 1940s and early 1950s. A fierce battle was fought between those seeking to commercialise the radio and people who argued that the radio spectrum should be considered a part of the commons – to be used only non-commercially and for the public good. The United Kingdom pursued a public funding model for the BBC, originally a private company, the British Broadcasting Company, but incorporated as a public body by Royal Charter in 1927. In Canada, advocates like Graham Spry were likewise able to persuade the federal government to adopt a public funding model, creating the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. However, in the United States, the capitalist model prevailed with the passage of the Communications Act of 1934 which created the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).^[5] However, the U.S. Congress did require commercial broadcasting companies to operate in the "public interest, convenience, and necessity".^[6] Public broadcasting now exists in the United States due to the 1967 Public Broadcasting Act which led to the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) and National Public Radio (NPR).

In the early 1950s, the DuMont Television Network began the modern practice of selling advertisement time to multiple sponsors. Previously, DuMont had trouble finding sponsors for many of their programs and compensated by selling smaller blocks of advertising time to several businesses. This eventually became the standard for the commercial television industry in the United States. However, it was still a common practice to have single sponsor shows, such as The United States Steel Hour. In some instances the sponsors exercised great control over the content of the show—up to and including having one's advertising agency actually writing the show. The single sponsor model is much less prevalent now, a notable exception being the Hallmark Hall of Fame.

In the 1960s, campaigns featuring heavy spending in different mass media channels became more prominent. For example, the Esso gasoline company spent hundreds of millions of dollars on an brand awareness campaign built around the simple and alliterative theme Put a Tiger in Your Tank. Psychologist Ernest Dichter and DDB Worldwide copywriter Sandy Sulcerlearned that motorists desired both power and play while driving, and chose the tiger as an easy–to–remember symbol to communicate those feelings. The North American and later European campaign featured extensive television and radio and magazine ads, including photos with tiger tails supposedly emerging from car gas tanks, promotional events featuring real tigers, billboards, and in Europe station pump hoses "wrapped in tiger stripes" as well as pop music songs.^[8] Tiger imagery can still be seen on the pumps of successor firm ExxonMobil.

The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the introduction of cable television and particularly MTV. Pioneering the concept of the music video, MTV ushered in a new type of advertising: the consumer tunes in for the advertising message, rather than it being a by-product or afterthought. As cable and satellite television became increasingly prevalent, specialty channels emerged, including channels entirely devoted to advertising, such as QVC, Home Shopping Network, and ShopTV Canada.

With the advent of the ad server, marketing through the Internet opened new frontiers for advertisers and contributed to the "dot-com" boom of the 1990s. Entire corporations operated solely on advertising revenue, offering everything from coupons to free Internet access. At the turn of the 21st century, a number of websites including the search engine Google, started a change in online advertising by emphasizing contextually relevant, unobtrusive ads intended to help, rather than inundate, users. This has led to a plethora of similar efforts and an increasing trend of interactive advertising.

The share of advertising spending relative to GDP has changed little across large changes in media. For example, in the US in 1925, the main advertising media were newspapers, magazines, signs on streetcars, and outdoor posters. Advertising spending as a share of GDP was about 2.9 percent. By 1998, television and radio had become major advertising media. Nonetheless, advertising spending as a share of GDP was slightly lower—about 2.4 percent.^[11]

A recent advertising innovation is "guerrilla marketing", which involve unusual approaches such as staged encounters in public places, giveaways of products such as cars that are covered with brand messages, and interactive advertising where the viewer can respond to become part of the advertising message.Guerrilla advertising is becoming increasing more popular with a lot of companies. This type of advertising is unpredictable and innovative, which causes consumers to buy the product or idea. This reflects an increasing trend of interactive and "embedded" ads, such as via product placement, having consumers vote through text messages, and various innovations utilizing social network services such as Facebook

C.          Types of Advertising

Virtually any medium can be used for advertising. Commercial advertising media can include wall paintings, billboards, street furniture components, printed flyers and rack cards, radio, cinema and television adverts, web banners, mobile telephone screens, shopping carts, web popups, skywriting, bus stop benches, human billboards, magazines, newspapers, town criers, sides of buses, banners attached to or sides of airplanes ("logojets"), in-flight advertisements on seatback tray tables or overhead storage bins, taxicab doors, roof mounts and passenger screens, musical stage shows, subway platforms and trains, elastic bands on disposable diapers,doors of bathroom stalls,stickers on apples in supermarkets, shopping cart handles (grabertising), the opening section of streaming audio and video, posters, and the backs of event tickets and supermarket receipts. Any place an "identified" sponsor pays to deliver their message through a medium is advertising.

a.       Television advertising / Music in advertising

The TV commercial is generally considered the most effective mass-market advertising format, as is reflected by the high prices TV networks charge for commercial airtime during popular TV events. The annual Super Bowl football game in the United States is known as the most prominent advertising event on television. The average cost of a single thirty-second TV spot during this game has reached US$3 million (as of 2009). The majority of television commercials feature a song or jingle that listeners soon relate to the product. Virtual advertisements may be inserted into regular television programming through computer graphics. It is typically inserted into otherwise blank backdrops or used to replace local billboards that are not relevant to the remote broadcast audience. More controversially, virtual billboards may be inserted into the background where none exist in real-life. This technique is especially used in televised sporting events. Virtual product placement is also possible.

Infomercials

An infomercial is a long-format television commercial, typically five minutes or longer. The word "infomercial" combining the words "information" & "commercial". The main objective in an infomercial is to create an impulse purchase, so that the consumer sees the presentation and then immediately buys the product through the advertised toll-free telephone number or website. Infomercials describe, display, and often demonstrate products and their features, and commonly have testimonials from consumers and industry professionals.

b.      Radio advertising

Radio advertising is a form of advertising via the medium of radio. Radio advertisements are broadcast as radio waves to the air from a transmitter to an antenna and a thus to a receiving device. Airtime is purchased from a station or network in exchange for airing the commercials. While radio has the limitation of being restricted to sound, proponents of radio advertising often cite this as an advantage. Radio is an expanding medium that can be found not only on air, but also online. According to Arbitron, radio has approximately 241.6 million weekly listeners, or more than 93 percent of the U.S. population.

c.       Online advertising

Online advertising is a form of promotion that uses the Internet and World Wide Web for the expressed purpose of delivering marketing messages to attract customers. Online ads are delivered by an ad server. Examples of online advertising include contextual ads that appear on search engine results pages, banner ads, in text ads, Rich Media Ads, Social network advertising, online classified advertising, advertising networks and e-mail marketing, including e-mail spam.

Product placements

Covert advertising, also known as guerrilla advertising, is when a product or brand is embedded in entertainment and media. For example, in a film, the main character can use an item or other of a definite brand, as in the movie Minority Report, where Tom Cruise's character John Anderton owns a phone with the Nokia logo clearly written in the top corner, or his watch engraved with the Bulgari logo. Another example of advertising in film is in I, Robot, where main character played by Will Smith mentions his Converse shoes several times, calling them "classics," because the film is set far in the future. I, Robot and Spaceballs also showcase futuristic cars with the Audi and Mercedes-Benz logos clearly displayed on the front of the vehicles. Cadillac chose to advertise in the movie The Matrix Reloaded, which as a result contained many scenes in which Cadillac cars were used. Similarly, product placement for Omega Watches, Ford, VAIO, BMW and Aston Martin cars are featured in recent James Bond films, most notably Casino Royale. In "Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer", the main transport vehicle shows a large Dodge logo on the front. Blade Runner includes some of the most obvious product placement; the whole film stops to show a Coca-Cola billboard.

d.      Press advertising

Press advertising describes advertising in a printed medium such as a newspaper, magazine, or trade journal. This encompasses everything from media with a very broad readership base, such as a major national newspaper or magazine, to more narrowly targeted media such as local newspapers and trade journals on very specialized topics. A form of press advertising is classified advertising, which allows private individuals or companies to purchase a small, narrowly targeted ad for a low fee advertising a product or service. Another form of press advertising is the Display Ad, which is a larger ad (can include art) that typically run in an article section of a newspaper.

e.       Billboard advertising

Billboards are large structures located in public places which display advertisements to passing pedestrians and motorists. Most often, they are located on main roads with a large amount of passing motor and pedestrian traffic; however, they can be placed in any location with large amounts of viewers, such as on mass transit vehicles and in stations, in shopping malls or office buildings, and in stadiums.

f.       Mobile billboard advertising

Mobile billboards are generally vehicle mounted billboards or digital screens. These can be on dedicated vehicles built solely for carrying advertisements along routes preselected by clients, they can also be specially equipped cargo trucks or, in some cases, large banners strewn from planes. The billboards are often lighted; some being backlit, and others employing spotlights. Some billboard displays are static, while others change; for example, continuously or periodically rotating among a set of advertisements. Mobile displays are used for various situations in metropolitan areas throughout the world, including: Target advertising, One-day, and long-term campaigns, Conventions, Sporting events, Store openings and similar promotional events, and Big advertisements from smaller companies.

g.      In-store advertising

In-store advertising is any advertisement placed in a retail store. It includes placement of a product in visible locations in a store, such as at eye level, at the ends of aisles and near checkout counters (aka POP—Point Of Purchase display), eye-catching displays promoting a specific product, and advertisements in such places as shopping carts and in-store video displays.

h.      Coffee cup advertising

Coffee cup advertising is any advertisement placed upon a coffee cup that is distributed out of an office, café, or drive-through coffee shop. This form of advertising was first popularized in Australia, and has begun growing in popularity in the United States, India, and parts of the Middle East

i.        Street advertising

This type of advertising first came to prominence in the UK by Street Advertising Services to create outdoor advertising on street furniture and pavements. Working with products such as Reverse Graffiti, air dancer's and 3D pavement advertising, the media became an affordable and effective tool for getting brand messages out into public spaces.

j.        Celebrity branding

This type of advertising focuses upon using celebrity power, fame, money, popularity to gain recognition for their products and promote specific stores or products. Advertisers often advertise their products, for example, when celebrities share their favorite products or wear clothes by specific brands or designers. Celebrities are often involved in advertising campaigns such as television or print adverts to advertise specific or general products. The use of celebrities to endorse a brand can have its downsides, however. One mistake by a celebrity can be detrimental to the public relations of a brand. For example, following his performance of eight gold medals at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, China, swimmer Michael Phelps' contract with Kellogg's was terminated, as Kellogg's did not want to associate with him after he was photographed smoking marijuana.

k.      Online advertising

Online advertising is a form of promotion that uses the Internet and World Wide Web for the expressed purpose of delivering marketing messages to attract customers. Examples of online advertising include contextual ads that appear on search engine results pages, banner ads, in text ads, Rich Media Ads, Social network advertising, online classified advertising, advertising networks and e-mail marketing, including e-mail spam.

D.  Advantages and Disadvantages of Corporate Advertising

Like other media, corporate advertising pricing strategies have advantages and disadvantages. Comparison of the obtained in analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of corporate advertising is expected to assist in the preparation and allocation of promotional costs, advantages and disadvantages of corporate advertising is sbegai follows Advantages Corporaet advertising

1. Very good in the course or rotation positioning of the company.

2. Provide benefits for public relations efforts in building the corporate image.

3. Can reach the target market.

Weaknesses Corporate advertising:

1. The effectiveness of the use of advertising is not forthcoming.

2. Companies can use this tactic to control public opinion, and this is considered unfair.

Nevertheless, corporate advertising is still considered controversial, in fact large companies spend 7% of the cost of marketing and promotion to make this ad, and until recently, corporate advertising is still used and developed through the activities sperti: sponsorship activities, advocacy advertising (associated with social problems ) and cause related advertising (donation activity in the nonprofit / NGO).